Introduction: Disorder in drinking, fluid deprivation, severe disabilities, increase in water excretion from kidney and non-kidney route and increase in salt consumption are the main causes of hypernatremia. The objective of this study was to determine OCULAR SIGNS due to hypernatremia Method: 50 male Wistar rats, weighing 250 + 20 g were allocated randomly to 5 groups. Test groups consumed 2, 3, 3.5 and 4 percent salt concentrations respectively as potable water, control group used tap water; with similar living conditions for all groups. Ophthalmic examinations with slit-lamp and fundus camera were performed. Eye response to light and manuel stimuli was considered. This experiment with similar condition was done on pig and rabbit.Result: Short time using of 2% salt solution was not associated with fast and significant OCULAR changes but its prolonged use accompanied with vascular damage and other OCULAR SIGNS. Retinal and vitreous hemorrhages were observed 3-4 days after drinking 3% and higher salt solutions followed by an increase in serum sodium level. Other OCULAR SIGNS in test groups include: vitreous shrinkage, cornea and lens opacities, swelling of optic disc, blindness, vitreous collapse and finally phthisis bulbi.Conclusion: By hypernatremia and hyperosmolarity formation, vitreous lose some of its fluid contents and vitreous shrinkage lead to vascular damage, retinal and vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment.Continuous hypernatremia brought conjunctivitis, corneal and lens opacities, swelling of optic disc, blindness, vitreous collapse and finally phthisis bulbi.

Purpose: To compare the prevalence of OCULAR symptoms and SIGNS in professional video-display users (VDU) and non-users.Methods: This cross-sectional case-control study was performed on bank staff who used computer for their task as the VDU group and staff who did not work with computer as controls. OCULAR symptoms were evaluated based on a questionnaire and SIGNS were detected according to complete OCULAR examination.Results: The VDU group included 34 male and 23 female subjects with mean age of 30.7±6.8 years and controls included 25 male and 31 female subjects with mean age of 27.6±7.2 years. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding age and sex. OCULAR symptoms included burning and tearing in 79% vs 45% (P=0.037), dry eye sensation in 66% vs 32% (P= 0.022) and asthenopia in 64.8% vs 40% (P=0.044) of the VDU group vs controls, respectively. Dry eye based on Schirmer test of less than 10 mm after 5 minutes was found in 40.3% vs 10.7% in the VDU group and controls, respectively (P=0.012). Tear break up time of less than 10 seconds was seen in 43.8% of the VDU group and 8.9% of the control group (P=0.044). Heterophoria was present in 33.2% of the VDU group vs 5.3% of controls (P=0.032). There was no difference between the two groups regarding myopia (54.3% in the VDU group vs 39.2% in controls). Conclusion: OCULAR complaints such as burning and tearing, dry eye sensation and asthenopia were more prevalent in video-display users.

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), same as panleukopenia, is one of the most fatal diseases in cats. This disease is observed in two forms: wet (effusive) and dry (noneffusive). This clinical report involves two cats with dry and wet forms of FIP with OCULAR SIGNS. The OCULAR manifestation of this disease is usually alongside with the dry form. Chemosis, fibrinous discharges, congestion of the conjunctiva, bilateral glaucoma, retinal hemorrhage and finally blindness, were the symptoms of the first cat in this report. Due to the lack of paying attention to these symptoms, the infection was transmitted to the second cat which led to the wet form of disease. The definitive diagnosis of the wet form of FIP was confirmed with histopathology. Then, a chromatography experiment was performed in order to assess the main viral diseases in the first cat which was found to be positive for coronavirus. The OCULAR symptoms of FIP are often paid less attention, because they are similar to the other systemic diseases such as FeLV, FIV, toxoplasmosis and a number of fungal diseases.

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to detect the prevalence of OCULAR symptoms and SIGNS in professional video display users (VDUs) and non-users in Isfahan.METHODS: This is a cross-sectional descriptive case-control study. The VDUs group was selected from among employees working with computer and the control group was selected from among employees not working with computer. Fifty seven VDUs (34 male & 23 female with mean age of 30.7 ± 6.8) and 56 employees in the control group (25 male & 31 female, mean age of 27.6 ± 7.2) were evaluated. Complete OCULAR examination was done for both groups. RESULTS: Among VDUs, 45 cases (79%) had burning eyes and tearing, 38 cases (66%) had dry eye, 37 cases (65%) had asthenopia, and 47 cases (82.5%) had musculoskeletal pain but these values for the control group were 24 (42.8%), 18 (32.2%), 22(39.3%) and 15 (26.8%) respectively and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.037, p = 0.023, p = 0.044, p = 0.013). Schirmer's test was positive in 22 VDUs (38.5%) vs. 6 (10.7%) of control group (p = 0.012). There was heterophoria in 19 VDUs (33.3%) vs. 3 controls (5.4%) (p = 0.032).CONCLUSION: Eye burning and tearing, dry eye, asthenopia and musculoskeletal problems were obviously more common in VDUs. Considering the extensive use of computers at home and work, a plan is required to detect dangers and provide appropriate solutions.

Background: Schizophrenia is one of the most important and disabling mental disorders in the world. Males and females are equally affected. Diagnosis is a very difficult problem in this disorder. Because the diagnostic systems such as ICD-IO and DSM-IV are mainly subjective, they are not valid and reliable. Essentially, in the future, we will need to more objective criteria in psychiatry especially in diagnosis of schizophrenia. Neurological soft SIGNS are an example of these objective criteria. In this study we evaluated the prevalence of neurological soft SIGNS in schizophrenic patients and compared it with the prevalence of these SIGNS in other psychotic patients (except mood disorders with psychotic features) and normal subjects. Methods: We compared the neurological soft SIGNS (sensory motor integration, motor. Coordination, consequent complex motor acts, primary reflexes, and eye movements) in 30 schizophrenic patients, 30 other psychotic patients (other than mood disorders with psychotic features) and 30 normal subjects. Diagnosis of schizophrenia and also other psychoses were based on DSM-IN criteria. Normal subjects have been selected form the staff of Roozbeh hospital randomly. Results: The difference between the means of motor coordination subscale of neurological soft SIGNS in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders (other than mood disorders with psychotic features) were significant (P value<0.04). There were no significant differences between the means of other subscales of neurological soft SIGNS in two groups of patients. Conclusion: There are some disturbances of motor coordination subscale of neurological soft SIGNS in patients with schizophrenia. It seems that, these disturbances are evidence of involvements of basal ganglia, motor cerebral cortex, and cerebellum. So it may be suggested that motor coordination as a marker can be used in differentiation between the schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.

Bovine tropical theileriosis is one of the potentially fatal disease of dairy cattle, which is caused by hemoparasite Theleria annulata. About seven years old cross-bred cow was presented with complaint of pyrexia, inappetance, lacrimation and OCULAR swelling since last 5 days. The clinical examination showed elevated rectal temperature (39. 4 0C), mild enlarged pre-scapular lymph nodes, bilateral bulging of temporal fossa, protruded pale and icteric conjunctivae of the eyes with lacrimation and presence of ticks on body. The case was suspected for haemoprotozoan disease. Blood and serum sample were collected for hematological, blood smear examination and molecular examination (PCR), and biochemical analysis respectively. Microscopic examination of blood smear revealed intra-erythrocytic signet ring shaped periplasm of Theileria annulata. Hemato-biochemical examination revealed anemia, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia and jaundice. Further, PCR assay was done using T. annulata-specific primer pair, Cyto b1 gene targeting the amplicon of 312 bp showed specific band on Gel-electrophoresis. Therapeutic regimen was started with Buparvaquone @ 2. 5 mg/kg body weight IM single dose followed by Oxytetracycline @ 10 mg/kg body weight IV in 500 ml of NS for 5 days and Prednisolone @ 0. 25 mg/kg body weight IM for 3 days along with supportive therapy. The cattle well responded to the therapy and complete regression of OCULAR SIGNS was observed within one week of treatment.

Background: The Demodex mite is the most common ectoparasite on human skin. It’ s a matter of debate whether this colonization should be an area of concern and can cause pathologic consequences or, in contrast, Demodex should merely be considered as an innocent saprophytic organism living on the skin. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of OCULAR Demodex infestation in a large population of male soldiers with a similar range of age, in whom we expected a high transmission rate due to environmental factors and close contacts. Besides, we evaluated the correlation between Demodex and OCULAR clinical manifestations. Methods: In total 903 soldiers living on a military base in Iran were enrolled in this epidemiological cross-sectional prevalence study conducted in the summer of 2020. Data were collected using a questionnaire on OCULAR symptoms, and participants were assessed for the presence of Demodex spp. Results: A total of 904 males with a mean age of 21  2 years (ranging from 19 to 25) were included. The overall prevalence of Demodex infestation was 77. 2% (86. 8 and 26% in patients with and without blepharitis, respectively). Of 698 patients who were positive for Demodex, 58. 6% reported eye discomfort, whereas it was experienced by 23. 9% of Demodex negative participants, the diff erence was statistically signifi cant (P-value < 0. 001). Conclusions: There is a strong association between the prevalence of Demodex spp. and symptoms, in particular itchy eyes. However, some patients are asymptomatic. This fi nding supports the notion that the number of mites may be important concerning the manifestation of clinical SIGNS of blepharitis; however, the role of Demodex spp., as a commensal, should not be overlooked. Treatment should not be aimed at full eradication of the mite but rather restoring the OCULAR ecology to a balanced state.

OCULAR bee sting have various Manifestations.These manifestations include: Keratoconjunctivitis, Corneal, infiltration, Corneal Perforation, Iritis, Hyphema, Anterior and/or Posterior Capsular Opacification of the lens, Lens Subluxation, Mydriasis, Iris Atrophy, Optic Neuritis and Retinopathy. Treatment depends on the type of lesion and should be done without delay for avoiding other complications such as Amblyopia.Reaction, in response to OCULAR bee sting, depends on the amount of venom and patients immune response.However when the problem is only presence of the sting in the eye its extractions is not necessary because sting itself is inert.